The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about a significant shift in our daily habits, with hand hygiene being at the forefront of the battle against the virus. Hand sanitizer has become an essential tool in our fight against COVID-19, but does it really kill the virus? In this article, we will delve into the science behind hand sanitizer, its effectiveness against COVID-19, and what you need to know to stay safe.
What is Hand Sanitizer and How Does it Work?
Hand sanitizer is a liquid or gel-like substance that is applied to the hands to reduce the number of microorganisms on the skin. It typically contains a combination of ingredients, including:
- Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) or isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol), which are the active ingredients responsible for killing microorganisms
- Water
- Glycerin or other moisturizers to help keep the skin hydrated
- Fragrances or dyes to give the sanitizer a pleasant smell and appearance
Hand sanitizer works by denaturing proteins and disrupting the cell membranes of microorganisms, ultimately leading to their death. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend using a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% ethanol or 70% isopropanol to effectively kill microorganisms.
The Science Behind Hand Sanitizer and COVID-19
COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is an enveloped virus. Enveloped viruses have a lipid membrane that surrounds the viral particle, making them more susceptible to disinfectants and sanitizers.
Studies have shown that hand sanitizers containing ethanol or isopropanol are effective against SARS-CoV-2. A study published in the Journal of Hospital Infection found that a hand sanitizer containing 70% ethanol was able to reduce the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces by 99.9% within 30 seconds.
Another study published in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine found that hand sanitizers containing 60% ethanol or 70% isopropanol were effective in reducing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a healthcare setting.
Key Factors Affecting Hand Sanitizer Effectiveness
While hand sanitizer can be an effective tool against COVID-19, there are several key factors that can affect its effectiveness:
- Concentration of active ingredients: Hand sanitizers that contain at least 60% ethanol or 70% isopropanol are more effective against SARS-CoV-2 than those with lower concentrations.
- Contact time: Hand sanitizer needs to be in contact with the skin for at least 15-30 seconds to effectively kill microorganisms.
- Skin type: Hand sanitizer may not be as effective on skin that is dirty or greasy, as the active ingredients may not be able to penetrate the skin effectively.
- Type of virus: Hand sanitizer may not be effective against non-enveloped viruses, such as norovirus or rotavirus.
Best Practices for Using Hand Sanitizer
To get the most out of hand sanitizer and effectively kill COVID-19, follow these best practices:
- Use a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% ethanol or 70% isopropanol.
- Apply enough hand sanitizer to cover all surfaces of your hands.
- Rub your hands together until the hand sanitizer is dry, making sure to get the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails.
- Use hand sanitizer for at least 15-30 seconds to effectively kill microorganisms.
- Avoid using hand sanitizer on dirty or greasy skin.
- Wash your hands with soap and water if your hands are visibly dirty or greasy.
When to Use Hand Sanitizer
Hand sanitizer is a convenient and effective way to reduce the number of microorganisms on your hands when soap and water are not available. Use hand sanitizer:
- After using the bathroom
- Before and after preparing food
- After blowing your nose, coughing or sneezing
- After touching animals or their waste
- After being in contact with someone who is sick
- After touching garbage or anything that may have come into contact with the virus
Limitations of Hand Sanitizer
While hand sanitizer can be an effective tool against COVID-19, it is not a substitute for washing your hands with soap and water. Hand sanitizer may not be effective in certain situations, such as:
- When hands are visibly dirty or greasy
- When hands have come into contact with chemicals or heavy metals
- When hands have been in contact with bodily fluids, such as blood or feces
Conclusion
Hand sanitizer can be an effective tool in the fight against COVID-19, but it is essential to understand its limitations and use it correctly. By following best practices and using a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% ethanol or 70% isopropanol, you can effectively reduce the number of microorganisms on your hands and help prevent the spread of COVID-19. Remember, hand sanitizer is not a substitute for washing your hands with soap and water, and it is essential to use it in conjunction with other preventive measures, such as wearing a mask and practicing social distancing.
Additional Tips
- Always read the label and look for hand sanitizers that are certified by a reputable third-party organization, such as the CDC or the World Health Organization (WHO).
- Avoid using hand sanitizer on broken or irritated skin.
- Keep hand sanitizer out of reach of children and pets.
- Use hand sanitizer in well-ventilated areas to avoid inhaling the fumes.
By following these tips and using hand sanitizer correctly, you can help keep yourself and those around you safe from COVID-19.
What is the main active ingredient in hand sanitizers that helps kill the COVID-19 virus?
The main active ingredients in hand sanitizers that help kill the COVID-19 virus are ethanol and isopropanol. Ethanol is the most commonly used active ingredient, and it is typically found in concentrations of 60-95% in hand sanitizers. Isopropanol is also effective against the COVID-19 virus, but it is less commonly used due to its potential skin irritation and toxicity. Both ethanol and isopropanol work by denaturing the proteins on the surface of the virus, ultimately leading to its inactivation.
It’s essential to note that not all hand sanitizers are created equal. To be effective against the COVID-19 virus, hand sanitizers must contain at least 60% ethanol or 70% isopropanol. Hand sanitizers with lower concentrations of these active ingredients may not be effective in killing the virus. Additionally, hand sanitizers that contain other active ingredients, such as benzalkonium chloride, may not be as effective against the COVID-19 virus.
How does hand sanitizer kill the COVID-19 virus?
Hand sanitizer kills the COVID-19 virus by disrupting the lipid membrane that surrounds the virus. The active ingredients in hand sanitizer, such as ethanol and isopropanol, work by dissolving the lipid membrane, ultimately leading to the inactivation of the virus. This process is known as denaturation, and it prevents the virus from binding to and entering host cells.
When hand sanitizer is applied to the skin, it quickly evaporates, leaving behind a thin layer of the active ingredients. This layer helps to inactivate any remaining viruses on the skin, providing an additional layer of protection against infection. It’s essential to note that hand sanitizer is not a substitute for hand washing, and it should be used in conjunction with proper hand hygiene practices.
Is hand sanitizer effective against all strains of the COVID-19 virus?
Hand sanitizer is effective against all strains of the COVID-19 virus, including the original strain and its variants. The active ingredients in hand sanitizer, such as ethanol and isopropanol, work by targeting the lipid membrane that surrounds the virus, which is a common feature among all strains of the COVID-19 virus.
Studies have shown that hand sanitizer is effective against a wide range of viruses, including influenza, norovirus, and rotavirus. Additionally, hand sanitizer has been shown to be effective against the COVID-19 virus in laboratory settings, where it has been tested against a variety of strains. However, it’s essential to note that hand sanitizer is not a substitute for vaccination, and it should be used in conjunction with other preventive measures, such as social distancing and mask-wearing.
How long does hand sanitizer take to kill the COVID-19 virus?
Hand sanitizer typically takes 15-30 seconds to kill the COVID-19 virus. This is because the active ingredients in hand sanitizer, such as ethanol and isopropanol, need time to evaporate and penetrate the lipid membrane that surrounds the virus.
Studies have shown that hand sanitizer is most effective when it is applied to the skin and allowed to dry completely. This can take anywhere from 15-30 seconds, depending on the concentration of the active ingredients and the amount of hand sanitizer applied. It’s essential to note that hand sanitizer is not effective if it is wiped or rinsed off the skin before it has a chance to dry completely.
Can hand sanitizer be used on all skin types?
Hand sanitizer can be used on most skin types, but it may not be suitable for everyone. People with sensitive skin or skin conditions, such as eczema or psoriasis, may experience irritation or dryness when using hand sanitizer.
Additionally, hand sanitizer may not be suitable for people with open wounds or cuts on their hands. In these cases, hand washing with soap and water is recommended instead. It’s also essential to note that hand sanitizer should not be ingested or applied to the eyes, nose, or mouth.
How often should hand sanitizer be used to prevent the spread of COVID-19?
Hand sanitizer should be used frequently to prevent the spread of COVID-19, especially in high-risk settings such as healthcare facilities, schools, and public transportation. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend using hand sanitizer after coming into contact with someone who is sick, after touching a surface that may be contaminated, and after using the bathroom.
It’s also essential to use hand sanitizer before eating, preparing food, and before touching one’s face. Additionally, hand sanitizer should be used after blowing one’s nose, coughing or sneezing, and after touching animals or their waste. By using hand sanitizer frequently, individuals can help reduce the spread of COVID-19 and other illnesses.
Are there any situations where hand sanitizer is not effective?
There are several situations where hand sanitizer may not be effective. For example, hand sanitizer may not be effective if hands are visibly soiled or greasy. In these cases, hand washing with soap and water is recommended instead.
Additionally, hand sanitizer may not be effective against norovirus, which is a highly contagious virus that can cause stomach flu. Hand sanitizer may also not be effective against Clostridioides difficile (C. diff), which is a type of bacteria that can cause diarrhea and colitis. In these cases, hand washing with soap and water is recommended instead.